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This text aims to provide the essential knowledge of the core processes involved in the cultivation of plant cells and tissues in vitro thereby enabling readers to understand and contribute to the practical application of these techniques. The text
begins by introducing the key terms used in plant tissue culture and provides an overview of the range and objectives of plant tissue culture studies. Subsequent chapters provide knowledge of the processes of the majo… More >>

In Vitro Cultivation of Plant Cells

I'm eager to hear your comments...

I know that the vauole, cell wall, and chloroplast are found in the plant cell only. What things are found in the animal cells that’s not in the plant cell?

What are your thoughts on the subject?

I built my own green house and even sold several kits for them online, but I started out with the intenion of selling plants this spring. I have over a thousand seedlings already started and planted three more flats of 72 cells each tonight.
I know they sell all sorts of plants and tomatoes plants sell better than any other single plant, but I need to find out the best plants to sell and all the nurersiers are closed mouth about it.
I planted Better Boy,, Beef Steak, and Early Girl tomatoes tonight, but I am just wondering what else to plant.
I have 2 pickleing, and 2 sliceing cukes, 2 squash, cantalopes, watermellons, etc. planted and am transplanting to the 6″ pots as fast as I can buy them.
What is the biggest thing that sells for a good profit????????

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–Attempting a brief analysis of material transformation
?in vivo and in vitro with micro-organisms

Material transformation in vitro and in vivo is very important to human health. However, there are some contradictions between the theory applied by us and the basic principle of material cycle. Following these contradictions, through an analysis of the relationship between food and human body, connecting macrocosm with microcosm and proper application of deduction and inference, this manuscript reveals the major theoretical mistakes in the material transformation in agricultural production and in vivo, which could be interpreted in some sense as a verifiable pathological basis of many modern diseases. At the same time, it also gives a clue about how to continuously track the theory.

Background

The material transformation in vivo and in vitro receives a lesser attention at present mainly because a definite conclusion in theory regarding this has already been formulated thus further discussion about this may seem to be futile to some people. However, with in-depth research and analysis, inconsistencies have been found, especially in its basic principles and its application in relevant disciplines. For instance:

1. In extant agricultural production, the massive application of chemical fertilizers has replaced part of the function of micro-organisms, stepping over the essential procedure in material transformation.

2. In the material transformation in vivo, the leading theory gave no thought to the basic principle and completely interpreted all the material transformation in vivo with a purely chemical process (1), like ingestive materials being directly converted into elements of the human body. Thus an essential link would be absent in the material transformation in vivo and be contrary to its transformational law.

3. In the professional teaching and research of microbiology, although the relationship between micro-organisms and the human body had been explored with great efforts, usually it was the direct relationship that received the attention; they did not connect it with the material transformation in vivo following the material cycle theory.

4. In clinical practice, although chemical medicines for treating various diseases were produced and used more and more, in fact the diseases (especially modern and intractable ones) were growing even more rapidly. The medicines were invariably unable to keep up with the acceleration of the diseases (2), and humanity was in a passive position on the whole.

Facing the above contradictions, if we adjust our point of view, we might widen our range of observations and perceptions and so perhaps find answers to some of the problems.

?. Enlightenment from Pigs Eating Coal

On 08 Apr. 2007, Alibaba Net published a news item: A Polish scientist Ania Rjasa found that ?feeding brown coal to pigs as a dietary supplement is good for their health. Pigs fed on brown coal were found to be fatter, happier, healthier and less stressed than the ones fed on standard chemical additions (3)?.

According to the principle of biological evolution, there was no coal exposed in nature for pigs in remote antiquity to eat when they were born, and coal played no role in the conditions of the pigs? births. In other words, this practice of these pigs eating coal was not inherited from their ancient parents, but was acquired in more recent times.

Since these modern pigs like to eat coal in particular it shows that they are lacking in the similar materials in vivo. Pigs are a close relative of humans, and belong to omnivorous category of animals, too. Their types of foods are very close to human?s and on the whole, they also live in the same environment. Then, are we, humans, lacking the same materials in vivo? Thus it brings us to the seriousness of the problem into which we shall probe.

Plant roots grow deep into soil because there are some inorganic and reduced materials in the underground facultative anaerobic and anaerobic environments for them to absorb. Following year after year of absorption by the plants, the original subterranean inorganic materials have reached an exhausted critical point, or a particular balance point, and the main resource now for the plants to absorb must be found in the reduction of organic materials in the material cycle. This situation asks us to focus on the material cycle, and the targeted result is the inevitable deduction of the two major unobservable mistakes in the material transformation, in nature and inside our own bodies.

?. Two Major Mistakes

1.?Mistake in the Material Cycle in Nature

In the whole of nature, humanity is its pride, and also its disaster. Objectively speaking, it is a selfish human division that classifies the animal kingdom into beneficial and harmful, and it is also a simplistic classification like that of children labeling people into good and bad persons. If invited the comments of all of the living nature, it should be said that the human animal is the most harmful animal, because human beings have brought the greatest harm to the whole animal kingdom and to all of nature. In accordance with the theory of ?Labor Created Mankind?, human nature has determined our reform and destruction to the environment and nature. In other words, human development is based on this reform and destruction of the environment and nature. Accompanying the development of science and technology, the degree of this damage has increased from little to large and from shallow to deep and has not only affected animals and plants and caused massive exterminations of species, but has also affected our own health and survival.

In theory, we all know that the material cycle necessarily requires microbial participation (2), but in fact, we, humans, who are nothing more than a segment of the animal kingdom, do not take into consideration of this basic law. We disregard this basic procedure with synthesized chemical fertilizers to cause plants to have direct absorption and to take the place of a specific microbial function in material transformation.

Besides the effect of improvement in varieties, the massive application of chemical fertilizer has been greatly increasing crop production as well as playing a major role in the survival of the human species. But its side-effects have been bringing about impairment in the quality of plant cells even as it has been causing large-scale damage to the water, atmosphere, soil and edaphon. As a result, the crops only seem to be fully filled but lose their massive nutritional contents. Today?s steamed bread and rice are less chewy and sweet, sesame oil is less fragrant, meats are less delicious, amphisarca is less sweet, and peanuts, soybeans, corn etc. also have many differences from their past specimens. All of them are full of a strong ?fertilizer taste?.

On the basis of the world materiality principle, a certain part of the repeatedly increasing crop yield undoubtedly comes from the conversion of the chemical fertilizer under the situation that the underground materials are unchanged and even the organic-based substrates are decreasing (papermaking and burning would lead to straw reverting to soil less and less). In other words, a part of our current foods comes from the conversion of chemical fertilizer, that is, a part of the foods of humans is converted chemical fertilizer.

The application of pesticides, firstly, it might affect the plant cells on the surface and change the condition of their exterior growth. This might happen after they have suffered a strong interference from this external influence on their growing processes. Next, in concert with the soil acidification and compaction caused by the application of chemical fertilizers, the pesticides might damage the internal?quality of the plant cells. This would be due to the destruction of the edaphon when a pesticide penetrated the underground and changed the cells? material transformation. Also, the carbon dioxide absorbed by the plants from the atmosphere would have a negative effect on the plant cells because of pollution in the air.

If we pursue this basic line of reasoning, we can make the further deduction (which could effectuate shock in many and, perhaps, even extreme fear, too) that nearly 100% of the plant cells have been seriously affected by the chemical fertilizers, pesticides and air pollution. And, consequently, the inevitable end would be that nearly 100% of the plant cells would be missing a significant percentage of their central, key elements because of the changes in their internal and external conditions. Therefore, to humanity and other animals as heterotrophic organisms, it would mean that every cell of our food is lacking in nutriment.

2.?Mistakes in the Material Cycle in vivo

In the current national authoritative regulations, it is indicated that ?although there are still some food ingredients such as plant celluloses that could be broken down by bacteria in the caecum, generally speaking their significance is little (1)?. And taking a comprehensive look at college and senior high school textbooks, we learn that when they survey the material transformation in vivo, both groups have interpreted the material digestion as the pure chemical action of digestive enzymes and did not refer to the involvement of micro-organisms. As for the medical application, the prevention of bacterial infection has commonly emphasized using the ?fighting the bacteria? approach. In the area of health care, the attention on the intestinal micro-organisms has been focused only on a few kinds, such as bifidobacterium?lactobacillus. It has dwelled by and large on the direct influence on the human body by the levels of microflora balance and imbalance and so has not been able to completely reflect the action of intestinal micro-organisms. In the area of popular theory, many papers have touched upon the effect of microbial metabolites on people, but usually they show those effects that are similar to chemical action; they have not made any further studies of how the organic materials are acted upon by micro-organisms and have not even placed the intestinal environment and micro-organisms on a high degree of material transformation.

There are no unified versions about the kinds of intestinal micro-organisms; some have said there are more than 100 and some have said there are more than 700 (4). Concerning the quantity of the micro-organisms in feces, some have said about 1/3 and some have said about 40%, difficulty as a basis. But one thing may be certain. According to the Darwinian evolutionary principle of the survival of the fittest, if the intestinal micro-organisms, in addition to the ones difficult to expel with feces, were living according to the ruthless law of the jungle, their quantity should be higher than the results of the in vitro test before the feces left the body. If, according to the principle of Mao Zedong?s ?universe would be divided infinitely?, some micro-organisms were unable to be detected by the existing means of detection, and the micro-organisms in the intestine should be more in quantity.

On the basis of present known research achievements, the material transformation could not be separated from the micro-organisms. Whether inorganic matter is converted into plants or plant and animal bodies are converted into inorganic matter, the constant material movement following the inorganic ? organic ? inorganic law is ensured all because of their participation. But for many years our theorists have been insisting that plant materials are converted into the animal bodies by the function of the digestive juices produced by the animal bodies themselves. However, due to the fact that almost half of the intestinal contents is micro-organisms, such interpretation obviously could not justify itself nor conform to the law of material transformation. If the material transformation in vivo was interpreted by the pure chemical method, it would obviously present a mode of organic?organic, which would bring about an asymmetry of the transformation mode in the material cycle process, and so lose an essential link and form a contradiction.

The digestion and absorption of food mainly relies on the enzymes in the digestive juices. But actually do the enzymes in the digestive juices come from the organism?s own body or from the micro-organisms? The established scientific authorities and theorists always maintain that the enzymes come from the body’s own synthesis, the idea being that the ingestive materials could be directly converted into the components of the human body. Although the results and experimental data of some research have reflected some conflicts with this concept, they have not yet been able to break through the shackles of the original theoretical framework. Please see ?Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms? (5). The paper has listed the various contradictions, clarified the erroneous concept (such as the enzymes come from the body?s own synthesis) and thereby revealed that the belief (in which the ingestive materials could be directly converted into the human body materials) was the root of the obvious mistake. Apparently, it remains to be a blind zone in the basic theory and practice of medicine, nutriology, health care, etc.

Because it is fettered by the traditional theory, the material cycle in vivo is still understood as a simple cycle. At present, the theory cycle pays much attention to the passage of food from the oral cavity to the exit of the waste material as egested feces; this part of the process can easily be superficially observed. However little attention has been paid to probably the more important part of the process: wherein the converted materials enter the circulatory system and finally the cells? wastes are exported by the blood to the excretory canal. If the dynamic and connection viewpoint and method were applied to analyze the movement of material in the body, it would be found that large amounts of material are entering the circulatory system to supply the body after the food was converted by the intestinal micro-organisms and every tissue cell would be observed to be discharging much waste. Well then, how many of these materials moving through this passage are converted? How many are discharged? How many have been used up in vivo? Moreover, how are they being used up? The research in this regard seems very weak.

?. Two Major Mistakes Cause Cells Hunger

In theory, all of us know that micro-organisms are the foundation of the existence of human and animal life. But in fact, whether inorganic matter is transformed into plants, or plants are transformed into the matter that makes up human and animal bodies, human beings almost completely ignored the important role of micro-organisms. The repercussion of which has been great harm to the plants, human beings and animals, and it would not be an exaggeration regardless of how excessively we state it because it has caused an incomparable disaster.

Based on the present information that we have grasped, most scientists generally have agreed that there are 28 kinds of total life elements, including hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, bromine, molybdenum, tin and iodine (6).

Referring to the life elements, we can see that the N, P and K (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in the fertilizer are only a part of the chemical elements that plants need. If straw is returned to the soil less and less and the plants are boosted into growing bigger by a large supply of these 3 elements, the direct effect would undoubtedly be the debilitation of the other elements. The indirect effect, in addition to the serious pollution of the soil, would inevitably be that due to their easy absorption of the high ratio of N, P and K in the shallow soil, the plant roots could not extend to enough depths, and the absorption of the other mineral elements would be further decreased. Thus, the consequence would be that there would be insufficient amounts of many nutrients and the plant cells would certainly be in a hunger condition.

Human beings belong to the heterotrophic group of organisms, unlike the plants which can absorb their nutrients from the soil and the carbon, nitrogen etc. in the air. Humans could only have come from the plants and the animals derived from the plants. So their dependence on the plants becomes key. According to the materialism standpoint and the principle that matter is primary, all human cells that are based on the plants ought also to be in a hunger condition so long as 100% of the plant cells are innutrition. To explain it in simple language, if the cells of the human body could not have a swiftly adaptive variation for meeting the rapid changes in the nutritional ingredients in the food cells that have been caused by us humans in modern times, all of humanity (not including the medical patients) should be in a state of sub-health.

In addition to the natural pollution sure to be translocated into the body, chemicals such as antibiotics and other medicines (almost all of them are produced on the theoretical basis that the ingestive materials could be directly converted into the materials of the human body) taken by humans and livestock have caused our blood to suffer more serious pollution than the natural world. Since at present large areas of plants irrigated from the polluted water source would be put to death, it would become inevitable that the cells of the body supported by the even more polluted blood would generate their cancerization and other chronic diseases. In the case that every histiocyte in the polluted blood is in a long-term hunger state, its vitality is bound to get lower, and certainly its immunity would generally decline. Some modern and intractable diseases, such as tumors, infectious diseases and many others in the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, nutrient systems, endocrine system, immune system and blood system etc., could be easily interpreted with such a causal relationship.

?.? Conclusions

There are the different angles of view regarding the self-understanding of human body, thus we can have the different viewpoints and conclusions. If from outside to inside, from the principle to its application, from taking ourselves as center to returning ourselves to the nature and put our own as part of the natural world, the conclusion would be quite different from the traditional theory.

The humanity is the high-level intelligent animal in the nature. But if thought that man could conquer nature and could be apart from the restriction of the natural law, she would commit an error in principle and suffer a punishment of the nature inevitably. The nature is still that nature, but already not the former one. It has experienced a large-scale transformation by human. The humanity is still that humanity, but already not the former one. She has been the one living in the natural environment on a massive transformation by herself. This transformation has certain relationship with many modern diseases.

If it was said it was inevitable that the humanity suffered the punishment of the nature because we had to transform the nature for our own development, then it should be artificial that the humanity suffered a more self-inflicted harm in the cognitive bias on micro-organisms. On the basis of the analysis of the material transformation law organic – inorganic ? organic and its specific application in the relevant disciplines, we can see that micro-organisms are not redundant, but are a necessary key element in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro. From this, it naturally reveals the two major mistakes in the material transformation in agricultural production and in vivo, especially?the cognitive bias on micro-organisms in the material transformation in vivo. Following the relevance between food and human body, in addition to the cognitive bias on micro-organisms, the cells of human body would go further hungry naturally under the condition of malnourished crop cells and to some extent become the pathological basis of some modern and intractable diseases.

In theory, although the analysis and understanding in the manuscript are still very superficial and immature, they have touched on the problem of the micro-organisms? role in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro. Why could the ingestive materials not actually be directly transformed into the human or animal body and what roles would the micro-organisms play in the material transformation in vivo and in vitro? The brief analysis in this text has not gotten to the roots of the questions. So this topic still needs to be given further discussion.

References:

1. Latest Complete Collection of National Food Safety Quality Identification and Test Standard, The Web Site of bbs.foodmate.net (2 May 2007), available at http://bbs.foodmate.net/viewthread.php?tid=115968&extra=&page=1.

2. Microorganism, Wikipedia Web Site (24 December 2008), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbe.

3. Coal for pigs, Alibaba Net Web Site (08 April 2007), available at http://resources.alibaba.com/topic/40914/Coal_for_pigs_.htm

4. Large intestine, Wikipedia Web Site (25 November 2008), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine.

5. (China) Duan Xiu-Bin, Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms, Unpublished.

6. Life Elements, Wikipedia Web Site (12 September 2007), available at http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????&variant=zh-cn.

7. Roderick MacKinnon, Wikipedia Web Site (2 December 2008), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon.

First draft: Jan 05. 2006.?? Revised for many times.

I'm eager to hear your comments...

What is the most likely seed-dispersal mechanism for a coconut?
eaten by animals
catch in animal fur
wind
water
After fertilization in a flowering plant, the central cell develops into the _____.
zygote
endosperm
pollen tube
fruit
The sperm of a moss is produced within the structure called the _____.
archegonia
antheridia
capsule
spore
The gametophyte stage of a moss consists of cells containing ____________________ number of chromosomes

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The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality

Ali Parsaeimehr1

1.PhD student at the field of plant Biotechnology at the National Academy Of science institute of G.S.Davtyan Institute of Hydroponics Problems NAS RA and Academician of young researcher organization.

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Abstract: it is clear that Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses even in medicinal purposes , between the synthesis compounds of plants alkaloids play an important but dilemma role at these aims? , alkaloids for plants known as a secondary metabolite which could by? essential for plants ecological surviving but it s a question remaining are these compound?s as a source for medical uses that it s going to world spread are vital for animals cells or not ?, well through this question a disquisition have been done for clearing some of the answers , we know that cells in both kingdom of plants or animals regulate intra from extra environment well these adjustment? and regulations applies by use of? ions channels? (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of? Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that? behavior and the mobility? of ions? guarantied the cells vital. Some of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids in plants, known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin could disrupt these act , the molecular? structure of plant alkaloid with some vital compound?s in cells? and their similarity of theme could be the reason of their serious potential of act as an inhibitor or resonancer in animals cells vitality well Amino acids like Phe, Tyr, Try have Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica could be play a deadly way in the vitality of animals Kingdome and according to this acaealepsy we can safely assume there are too many targets for alkaloids acts such as: plasma membrane , ribosome?s or even DNA or RNA in animals cells ,? The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters? which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals ?and as a consequences affected? one of them? by inheritors or resonators? could occasion the vitality of animal cells. It?s amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell? which its refers to the immunological responds to the? plants alkaloids? for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine could act in this importance, the Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids are the other mysterious role of these kind of secondary metabolites in animals vitality There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloidesanimal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms or animal cells, Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. In this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed.

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?Key word: plants Alkaloids, animals cell vitality, antimicrobial effects

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1.Introduction: In toadies world use of medicines by the base of plants between the nations and countries have been wide spread and the effect of these kinds of drugs are undeniable but of course it?s better that we show the effect of secondary metabolites compounds and between them ,the alkaloids which synthesizes in plants cells and

shows their dilemmas effect of these kind of secondary metabolites, well according to cells biology and their? metabolites , cell s adjust their intra ?from? extra environment in a caution way , these adjustment? and regulations applies by use of? ions channels? (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of? Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that ?behavior and the mobility? of ions ?guarantied the cells vital(Alberts et al.1993). Some of secondary metabolites such as cardiac glycoside in plants, insects and a kind of toads from the family of (Bufonidae) have been discovered, these kinds of secondary metabolites known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin which act as the same way and affect at Na+, K?, ?ATPas or ion channels and as it clearly shown these ions plays a vital role in order to cells vitality or even at the animals nervous system (Mann, J. 1992).in animals cells most of the cells activities such as endo- exocytose, cells division? is by base of microtubules or microfilaments activities in these suit some of Alkaloids such as ??Colchicines, Maytansin, Taxol, Vinca Alkaloids ?have the potential of coupling? with theme and inhibiter their activities due the cells progress , these expanded domain of activity of plants alkaloids in animals cell and the reason of it should by search in their molecular structure.

2. Discussion & Deliberation of Alkaloids potential: alkaloids have been extracted from and found in ~20% of vascular plants, their Compounds usually basic (alkaline) ~40,000 compounds currently described and Structurally the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and most of them use for medicinal usage like Morphine (painkiller),Vincristine (anticancer agent) , Cocaine (anesthetic, drug of abuse), Caffeine (stimulant) , well its seems that the best describe of this kind of secondary metabolites have been done at 1963 through their? chemotaxonomy and by this base they remain in 3 group such as:

Proto alkaloids .3??????? Pseudo alkaloids .2????? ?????Proper alkaloids .1

2.1.1. Proper alkaloid: they also known as true alkaloids we can describe them as the fallow: Basic Nitrogen part of a heterocyclic ring system, Chemically complex, Derived biosynthetically from amino acids, especially the cyclic ,Amino acids: Phe, Tyr, Try, Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica. Small tree found from India to

Northern Australia. Fruit is a large berry with a hard coat and pulpy interior containing 3-5 fleshy grey seeds ? contain ~1.2% strychnine, 60mg can kill an adult by the way we can say that the highly potential of it s activity is by the base of it molecular structure( Habermehi, G. 1983, Mann, J. 1992.).

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And as we can see strychnine, simply coupled with L-tryptophan one of the most important amino acid?? in cells vitality (Albert?s ET al.1993).

2.2.2. Pseudo alkaloid: Nitrogen containing (physiologically active) compounds not derived from amino acids, the purine ring is gradually elaborated by piecing together small components from primary metabolism for example caffeine the alkaloids which extracted from coffee

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2.2.3. Proto alkaloids:? they have?? physiologically active, Nitrogen atom is outside the ring system and this is the reason for nominated them as proto alkaloids well the alkaloids such as ephedrine or colchicines are one of the good examples of these kinds of alkaloids which play medicinally rolls in the industry of drugs. COLCHISINE the copesetic alkaloid of the Colchicum autumnale plant the family of Liliaceae which sustainability band through

Tubulin in a compeer of 1:1 (the Antimitotic potential) and thus inhibits the assembly of microtubules and as a consequence the meiotic spindle of dividing cells disappear suddenly after colchicines treatment and the chromatids no longer separated but whereas the animal cells die under this condition the plant cells become polyploidy? and? leads in breeding programs, using this alkaloid as an anticancer because of its Antimitotic potential widespread but after a while because of its damage to cells skeleton colchisin lay away and another alkaloid by the base of it by the name of colcemide use in this aim well this alkaloids because of their

Lipophilicity potential, simply absorb by cells and its clear why the family of colchicum plants are not attack by herbivores (Teuscher E et al.1995).

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2.3. The effect of Alkaloids on Neurotransmitter Receptors: the nerve single transduction in the central nervous system and in neuromuscular junction is mediated by receptor proteins residing in the membrane which directly or indirectly coupled with ion channels the neurotransmitters involve include (Alberts et al.1993). among others adrenalin(NA),serotonin, dopamine, histamine, glycine, GABA, and acetylcholine have been deduced to ion channels ,to many plant alkaloids have the similar molecular structure? with these neurotransmitters for? instance acetylcholine? and histamine in sting hairy roots of Urtica or serotonin and dopamine in several species, and the acts can be:

I. The receptor itself through inhibition or overstimulation

II.The enzymes that deactivate neurotransmitters after they have bound to a receptor

III.Transport process, which are important for storage of the neurotransmitters in synaptic

IV.Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a neurotransmitter (Mothes, K.et al.1985, Robinson, T. A. 1981).

Table I. some of the alkaloids as inhibitors of Neurotransmitters

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Enzyme????????????????????????????????? Natural Substrate?????????????????????????? ?????????Alkaloid???????????????? ?????occurrence (plant)

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?? Acetylcholine esterase ??????????????????????????Acetylcholine??????????????????????????? Physostigmine (eserine)??? Physostigma veneosum?????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Berberine????????????????????? ?????several papaveracea

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????Coptisine?????????????????????? ????several papaveracea

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????Galanthamine??????????????? ???several Amaryllidaceae

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????Chaconine?????????????????????? ?Solanum

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????Solanine???????????????????????? ??Solanum

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????Solanidine??????? ????????????????Solanum

????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Huperzine A???????????????? ????Huperzia srrata

?? Monoamine oxidase????????????????????????? ???NA. dopamine, Serotonin??????????? Harmaline???????????????? ???????Pegamum

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? histamine?????????????????????????????? Harmine?????????????????????????? Peganum

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????Ephedrine??????????????????????? Ephedra

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The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters? which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals? and as a consequences affected? one of them? by inheritors or resonators? could occasion the vitality of animal cells (Rosenthal, et al.1992).

All animals need to transport nutrients, hormones, ions, signals compounds, O2 and CO2 between the different organs of the body well this achieved in higher animals through blood in the circulatory system.Inhibitorrs of its motor, the heart ,were discussed earlier . But the synthesize of red blood cells is also vulnerable and can inhibited by antimiotic alkaloids , such as vinblastin or colchisin and some allelochemicals have hemolytic properties, such as saponins and steroidal alkaloids , these compounds complex membrane sterls and make cells leaky these effected consequently effected the vitality of animal cells(Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994).

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Table II .The Alkaloids which known as inheritors or resonators for nervous signal transmission

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?????????????????? Receptor?s?? ?????????????????????????Ligand???? ???????????????????????????Alkaloids???????????? ???????????????Occurrence(plant)

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??? ???Acetylcholine receptor ???????????????Acetylcholine???????????????? ????????????Nicotine????????????????????? ??????Nicotinana, many other plants

???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????C-toxiferine??????????????? ????????strychnos

?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Tubocurarine?????? ??????????????Chondodendron

? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Cytosine and other QA??? ?Several legumes

???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Lobeline???????????????????? ????????Lobelia

????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Anabasine???????????????? ????????Anabasis , Nicotiana

????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Hyoscyamine (atropine)???? Atropa, Hysoscyamus, Datura.

????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Scopolamine???????????????????? ??Several Solanaceae

????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Arecoline????????????????????????????? Areca

????? Adrenergic receptors ????????Noradrenaline/adrenaline???????????? ????Norlaudanosoline?????????????? ??Papaveraceae

???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Ephedrine, norephedrine? ???Ephedra

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?

Its amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell? which its refers to the immunological responds to the? plants alkaloids? for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine, hypercin , helenalin , Activation or repression of the immune response are certainly targets that were selected during evaluation as an antiherbivore strategy(Luckner et.al.1990).

2.4. Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids:

There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids that protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloids animal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms, protein biosynthesis in ribosome?s is another vulnerable target for plant alkaloids even the stability of biomembranes can be disrobed by steroidal alkaloids(Luckner et.al.1990).

? In another view even herbicidal properties or germination inhibition which can be observed in plant-plant interactions, can also proceed via the above mentioned mechanisms but interaction with growth hormones and their metabolites also must be considered (Wagner, H. 1993).

?

3. Counclusion:

Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses, will be even more compatible in the future. Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. in this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed .In many instance , plants contain mixture of related alkaloids , which only differ for particular substitution patterns well this allelochemical properties are requisite for chemical defense compound in an ecological context? for surviving of plants but also constitute the base for their exploitation in medicine or agriculture, well after all of these dilemma situation we should use medicines by the source of plants in a secure and caution way ??but to many experiments demands through this complicated way.

?

4. References:????????????????

Alberts, B. D., Lewis, J. Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. 1993. .Molecular Biology of the Cell.3rd ed . Garland. New York. Habermehi, G. 1983. Gifttiere and ihre Waffen. Springer. Berlin. Harborne, J. B. 1993. introduction to Eclogical Biochemistry.4 th ed. Academy press. san Diego. Luckner, M. 1990 Secondery Metabolism in Microorganism.Plants and Animals .Springer, Berlin. Luckner, M. 1990. Secondary Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants and Animal, Springer, Berlin mann,J..1992, Murder,Magic and Medicine.Oxford University Press. London. Mann, J. 1992. Murder Magic and medicine.Oxfordr University press .London. Mothes, K., Schutte, H. R. and Luckner, M. 1985. Biochemistery of Alkaloides .VCH. Weinheim. Robinson, T. A. 1981. The Biochemistry of alkaloids, Springer. Berlin. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. 1992. Herbivores: Theair Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites vol.Academic Press, San Diego. Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994. Biogene Gifte. Fischer. Stuttgart. Urk H, Schipper D, Breedveld GJ, Paul RM, Scheffers WA, van Dijken JP (1989) Biochim Biophys Acta 992: 78 Scopes RK (1989) In: van Unden N (ed), Alcohol toxicity in yeast and bacteria, CRC Press Inc, p. 89 Wagner, H. 1993. Pharmazeutische Biologie . 2. Drogen and ihre Inhalisstoffe, Fisher, Stuttgart. Zhou, G.M. 1980. Studies on useful compounds of Bai-Zhi for healing Yin- Hsieh Ping. Chung-Chen-Yau Res. 4: 33. (In Chinese). Zhou, G.M., C.G. Yu, Y.C. Han, and C.T. Mun. 1988. Studies on Bai-Zhi. IV. The toxicity test of useful compounds. Med. J. China Hospital 8: 220-221. (In Chinese).

What are your thoughts on the subject?

What is one of the differences between cell division in plant cells and cell division in animal cells?
A) Plant cells do not use a mitotic spindle to separate chromosomes.
B) Plant cells separate chromosomes by attachment to the plasma membrane.
C) In a plant cell, there is no nucleus around the chromosomes.
D) There is no DNA replication before cell division in plant cells.
E) Plant cells separate by growth of a cell wall and membrane in the middle of the cell.

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My great slideshow.

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A simple demonstration how to prepare Onion Cell Slides and Human Cheek Cell Slides

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