Understand Plants

Posts Tagged ‘Cell’

Basic cell structure drawn in time lapse

Simple 3D visualisation of Plant Cell Wall , or extra cellular matrix ECM

The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory lived up to its name earlier this year by creating the world’s most efficient solar cell. The gallium-indium cell boasts a confirmed efficiency of 40.8%. You might read this and think “That’s terrible”, but that’s just because you don’t really understand how efficiency works.

Let us tell you a little bit about factors involved with energy efficiency. Every singe energy transaction in existence loses juice to friction, heat, and its surroundings. Your body, for example, is about five per cent efficient. For every twenty thousand calories your pull in you barely use one thousand for actually “moving around and staying alive.” The rest is used up in all the en-route steps of chemical processes or poured out of your flesh in the form of heat – and then you have to use more energy to sweat and get rid of it.

How about plants, the worlds ultimate solar collectors. Appalling! All the organic energy on the planet comes via green plants in one way or another and their chlorophyll-chemical conversion barely scores six-point-six percent efficiency. If you scored six-point-six on a test, you’d be fairly unimpressed. And that’s only counting the actual energy-harvesting chlorophyll reaction itself – take into account the rest of the plant required to soak up the sun and the efficiency falls to less than a per cent. Hundreds of millions of years to hone systems dedicated to harvesting the sun and nothing else, and the best nature can manage is less than a percent – those man-made solar panels are beginning to look better already, aren’t they?

In fact, they’re among the best things we’re even able to build. Think of the ultimate in designed systems: the car engine. Beloved of entire cultures and they’ve been around for almost a century, with thousands of engineers honing and refining the system in peace, war and spare time besides.

Thirty-seven per cent. And that’s the IDEAL efficiency – the absolute maximum efficiency that could be extracted if God turned off friction, MacGyver built the camshaft and Haphaestus himself provided perfect metals to construct it with. Real engines only score a twenty per cent conversion of the possible gas power – and solar panels have already beaten what the ultimate engine in a Heaven-bound cadillac could ever achieve.

So yes, 40.8 is good. Very good.

WEBSITE: www.teachertube.com Simple drawing of a plant cell in timelapse

Some of the most toxic products being tossed out as household trash are cell phones and electronic devices. This type of trash is called e-trash, and especially problematic are cell phones.

Cell phones contain a very high level of toxic substances that enter the environment when discarded cell phones are incinerated or when rainwater leaches these chemicals out of the landfills into our drinking water.

Cell phones are known to contain toxins such as antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. These chemicals are listed by the EPA, as persistent toxins (persistent bioaccumulative toxins, PBTS), meaning they do not readily breakdown and remain in the environment for years. Of these metals, lead and cadmium accumulate in both plant and animal tissue, and have been known to be responsible for many disorders in humans.

The dangers of lead has been known for many years. It is thought to be a carcinogen and adversely affects the central nervous system, kidneys, immune system and has been associated with development disorders in children. Lead was banned from paint years ago, and manufacturers are now beginning to eliminate lead from electronic components. Every electronic device contains a circuit board and most often, lead is used to solder components on to these circuit boards.

Another especially toxic component of cell phones is brominated flame retardants. This chemical is added to plastics to reduce the risk of fire. Many components of the cell phone use this chemical. Scientific research has shown that some of these brominated flame retardants are also persistent bioaccumulative and toxic, but it is not know what long term effects this chemical has on humans and the environment.

Some of these flame retardants have been linked to cancer and disturbances in the immune and endocrine systems. When these products are incinerated, they give off highly toxic by- products. As with lead, many manufacturers are eliminating these chemicals from electronic products.

At the time when cell phones first became available to the average consumer, nickel-cadmium was used as a power source. Nickel-cadmium batteries, called Ni-Cds, were the battery of choice because they were rechargeable. The problem is that the metals used in these batteries are highly toxic. Cadmium is a PBT and a probable carcinogen. It has been linked to lung, liver and kidney damage, and has been found to be toxic to wildlife. As with the other toxic chemicals mentioned, cadmium is being eliminated from electronic products by many manufacturers.

The Lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride rechargeable battery has typically replaced the Ni-Cds, but they contain their own supply of toxic chemicals.

The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation is a non-profit organization that recycles rechargeable batteries. The program, Call2Recycle, has collected millions of pounds of rechargeable batteries and kept them from the landfills. They are trying to educate people on how easy it is to recycle a rechargeable battery or cell phone in the United States and Canada. A Google search on Call2Recycle will direct you to a recycling center near you. It’s free. It’s convenient. It’s responsible. Unfortunately, few people know about this program, so most cell phones and electronics end up in landfills.

Recycling is not the end all to solve our environmental problems. The recycling program is heavily dependent on consumers. When the economy sags and consumers are not buying, the need for recycled materials sags along with the economy. This became painfully evident with the economic crisis that began in October 2009. Recycling plants across the nation were hit hard. The demand for recycled products needed to manufacture new products was severely curtailed. The price for recycled products in some cases dropped 90% taking away the profit from these recycling facilities.

Our only hope is to make an effort to reuse as many products as we can at home, and to aim for zero waste. If recycling is no longer profitable for companies, we may see a future where we are charged for all the garbage we generate, and at a much higher rate than many of us pay now. Disposing highly toxic chemicals may be very expensive for the consumer.

Basic cell structure drawn in time lapse

Could you please give me ideas for a comparison of an animal cell or plant cell to something. (walmart) all of the organelles need to be compared. ( given a job or character) Details if possible.
THANKS

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