The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality

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The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality

Ali Parsaeimehr1

1.PhD student at the field of plant Biotechnology at the National Academy Of science institute of G.S.Davtyan Institute of Hydroponics Problems NAS RA and Academician of young researcher organization.

Abstract: it is clear that Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses even in medicinal purposes , between the synthesis compounds of plants alkaloids play an important but dilemma role at these aims? , alkaloids for plants known as a secondary metabolite which could by? essential for plants ecological surviving but it s a question remaining are these compound?s as a source for medical uses that it s going to world spread are vital for animals cells or not ?, well through this question a disquisition have been done for clearing some of the answers , we know that cells in both kingdom of plants or animals regulate intra from extra environment well these adjustment? and regulations applies by use of? ions channels? (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of? Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that? behavior and the mobility? of ions? guarantied the cells vital. Some of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids in plants, known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin could disrupt these act , the molecular? structure of plant alkaloid with some vital compound?s in cells? and their similarity of theme could be the reason of their serious potential of act as an inhibitor or resonancer in animals cells vitality well Amino acids like Phe, Tyr, Try have Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica could be play a deadly way in the vitality of animals Kingdome and according to this acaealepsy we can safely assume there are too many targets for alkaloids acts such as: plasma membrane , ribosome?s or even DNA or RNA in animals cells ,? The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters? which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals ?and as a consequences affected? one of them? by inheritors or resonators? could occasion the vitality of animal cells. It?s amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell? which its refers to the immunological responds to the? plants alkaloids? for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine could act in this importance, the Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids are the other mysterious role of these kind of secondary metabolites in animals vitality There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloidesanimal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms or animal cells, Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. In this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed.

?Key word: plants Alkaloids, animals cell vitality, antimicrobial effects

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1.Introduction: In toadies world use of medicines by the base of plants between the nations and countries have been wide spread and the effect of these kinds of drugs are undeniable but of course it?s better that we show the effect of secondary metabolites compounds and between them ,the alkaloids which synthesizes in plants cells and

shows their dilemmas effect of these kind of secondary metabolites, well according to cells biology and their? metabolites , cell s adjust their intra ?from? extra environment in a caution way , these adjustment? and regulations applies by use of? ions channels? (Na+ ,K? , Ca? , Cl?) or the activity of? Na?/K? pump well we can safely assume that ?behavior and the mobility? of ions ?guarantied the cells vital(Alberts et al.1993). Some of secondary metabolites such as cardiac glycoside in plants, insects and a kind of toads from the family of (Bufonidae) have been discovered, these kinds of secondary metabolites known as the inhibitors of Na+, K?, ATPas or some of plant alkaloids like Harmaline, Nitidine, Capsaicin, Soleonopsin which act as the same way and affect at Na+, K?, ?ATPas or ion channels and as it clearly shown these ions plays a vital role in order to cells vitality or even at the animals nervous system (Mann, J. 1992).in animals cells most of the cells activities such as endo- exocytose, cells division? is by base of microtubules or microfilaments activities in these suit some of Alkaloids such as ??Colchicines, Maytansin, Taxol, Vinca Alkaloids ?have the potential of coupling? with theme and inhibiter their activities due the cells progress , these expanded domain of activity of plants alkaloids in animals cell and the reason of it should by search in their molecular structure.

2. Discussion & Deliberation of Alkaloids potential: alkaloids have been extracted from and found in ~20% of vascular plants, their Compounds usually basic (alkaline) ~40,000 compounds currently described and Structurally the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and most of them use for medicinal usage like Morphine (painkiller),Vincristine (anticancer agent) , Cocaine (anesthetic, drug of abuse), Caffeine (stimulant) , well its seems that the best describe of this kind of secondary metabolites have been done at 1963 through their? chemotaxonomy and by this base they remain in 3 group such as:

Proto alkaloids .3??????? Pseudo alkaloids .2????? ?????Proper alkaloids .1

2.1.1. Proper alkaloid: they also known as true alkaloids we can describe them as the fallow: Basic Nitrogen part of a heterocyclic ring system, Chemically complex, Derived biosynthetically from amino acids, especially the cyclic ,Amino acids: Phe, Tyr, Try, Many physiologically active, and have limited distributions in the plant kingdom for example the strychnine alkaloids from the dried seeds of Strychnos vux vomica. Small tree found from India to

Northern Australia. Fruit is a large berry with a hard coat and pulpy interior containing 3-5 fleshy grey seeds ? contain ~1.2% strychnine, 60mg can kill an adult by the way we can say that the highly potential of it s activity is by the base of it molecular structure( Habermehi, G. 1983, Mann, J. 1992.).

And as we can see strychnine, simply coupled with L-tryptophan one of the most important amino acid?? in cells vitality (Albert?s ET al.1993).

2.2.2. Pseudo alkaloid: Nitrogen containing (physiologically active) compounds not derived from amino acids, the purine ring is gradually elaborated by piecing together small components from primary metabolism for example caffeine the alkaloids which extracted from coffee

2.2.3. Proto alkaloids:? they have?? physiologically active, Nitrogen atom is outside the ring system and this is the reason for nominated them as proto alkaloids well the alkaloids such as ephedrine or colchicines are one of the good examples of these kinds of alkaloids which play medicinally rolls in the industry of drugs. COLCHISINE the copesetic alkaloid of the Colchicum autumnale plant the family of Liliaceae which sustainability band through

Tubulin in a compeer of 1:1 (the Antimitotic potential) and thus inhibits the assembly of microtubules and as a consequence the meiotic spindle of dividing cells disappear suddenly after colchicines treatment and the chromatids no longer separated but whereas the animal cells die under this condition the plant cells become polyploidy? and? leads in breeding programs, using this alkaloid as an anticancer because of its Antimitotic potential widespread but after a while because of its damage to cells skeleton colchisin lay away and another alkaloid by the base of it by the name of colcemide use in this aim well this alkaloids because of their

Lipophilicity potential, simply absorb by cells and its clear why the family of colchicum plants are not attack by herbivores (Teuscher E et al.1995).

2.3. The effect of Alkaloids on Neurotransmitter Receptors: the nerve single transduction in the central nervous system and in neuromuscular junction is mediated by receptor proteins residing in the membrane which directly or indirectly coupled with ion channels the neurotransmitters involve include (Alberts et al.1993). among others adrenalin(NA),serotonin, dopamine, histamine, glycine, GABA, and acetylcholine have been deduced to ion channels ,to many plant alkaloids have the similar molecular structure? with these neurotransmitters for? instance acetylcholine? and histamine in sting hairy roots of Urtica or serotonin and dopamine in several species, and the acts can be:

I. The receptor itself through inhibition or overstimulation

II.The enzymes that deactivate neurotransmitters after they have bound to a receptor

III.Transport process, which are important for storage of the neurotransmitters in synaptic

IV.Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of a neurotransmitter (Mothes, K.et al.1985, Robinson, T. A. 1981).

Table I. some of the alkaloids as inhibitors of Neurotransmitters

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Enzyme????????????????????????????????? Natural Substrate?????????????????????????? ?????????Alkaloid???????????????? ?????occurrence (plant)

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?? Acetylcholine esterase ??????????????????????????Acetylcholine??????????????????????????? Physostigmine (eserine)??? Physostigma veneosum?????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Berberine????????????????????? ?????several papaveracea

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????Coptisine?????????????????????? ????several papaveracea

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????Galanthamine??????????????? ???several Amaryllidaceae

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????Chaconine?????????????????????? ?Solanum

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????Solanine???????????????????????? ??Solanum

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????Solanidine??????? ????????????????Solanum

????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Huperzine A???????????????? ????Huperzia srrata

?? Monoamine oxidase????????????????????????? ???NA. dopamine, Serotonin??????????? Harmaline???????????????? ???????Pegamum

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? histamine?????????????????????????????? Harmine?????????????????????????? Peganum

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????Ephedrine??????????????????????? Ephedra

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The other location for alkaloids effects are the neurotransmitters? which closely coupled and band with ion channels (Na+ ?K? , Ca? ? Cl?) as a fact the receptors or ion channels both are incipit for nervous signals? and as a consequences affected? one of them? by inheritors or resonators? could occasion the vitality of animal cells (Rosenthal, et al.1992).

All animals need to transport nutrients, hormones, ions, signals compounds, O2 and CO2 between the different organs of the body well this achieved in higher animals through blood in the circulatory system.Inhibitorrs of its motor, the heart ,were discussed earlier . But the synthesize of red blood cells is also vulnerable and can inhibited by antimiotic alkaloids , such as vinblastin or colchisin and some allelochemicals have hemolytic properties, such as saponins and steroidal alkaloids , these compounds complex membrane sterls and make cells leaky these effected consequently effected the vitality of animal cells(Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994).

Table II .The Alkaloids which known as inheritors or resonators for nervous signal transmission

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?????????????????? Receptor?s?? ?????????????????????????Ligand???? ???????????????????????????Alkaloids???????????? ???????????????Occurrence(plant)

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??? ???Acetylcholine receptor ???????????????Acetylcholine???????????????? ????????????Nicotine????????????????????? ??????Nicotinana, many other plants

???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????C-toxiferine??????????????? ????????strychnos

?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Tubocurarine?????? ??????????????Chondodendron

? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Cytosine and other QA??? ?Several legumes

???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Lobeline???????????????????? ????????Lobelia

????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Anabasine???????????????? ????????Anabasis , Nicotiana

????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Hyoscyamine (atropine)???? Atropa, Hysoscyamus, Datura.

????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Scopolamine???????????????????? ??Several Solanaceae

????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Arecoline????????????????????????????? Areca

????? Adrenergic receptors ????????Noradrenaline/adrenaline???????????? ????Norlaudanosoline?????????????? ??Papaveraceae

???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Ephedrine, norephedrine? ???Ephedra

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Its amazing that the plant alkaloids even could show allergic sign in the animals cell? which its refers to the immunological responds to the? plants alkaloids? for instance alkaloids such as coumarins, furanocoumarine, hypercin , helenalin , Activation or repression of the immune response are certainly targets that were selected during evaluation as an antiherbivore strategy(Luckner et.al.1990).

2.4. Mechanism of Allelochimical Activities in Antiviral, Antimicrobial and Allelopathic Interactions of alkaloids:

There are circumstantial evidence that some alkaloids such as Quinolizidine alkaloids that protect the producing plants against viruses, bacteria , fungi, and other plants , relative to alkaloids animal interaction , these modes of action have been less well or hardly at all, a number of antimicrobial alkaloids such as sanguinarine, quinine , or berberine intercalate with viral and microbial DNA to bind it well these compounds may thus inhibit process such as DNA replication and RNA transcription which are vital for the microorganisms, protein biosynthesis in ribosome?s is another vulnerable target for plant alkaloids even the stability of biomembranes can be disrobed by steroidal alkaloids(Luckner et.al.1990).

? In another view even herbicidal properties or germination inhibition which can be observed in plant-plant interactions, can also proceed via the above mentioned mechanisms but interaction with growth hormones and their metabolites also must be considered (Wagner, H. 1993).

3. Counclusion:

Plants, as a renewable source with low energy consumption that can offer complex biochemical syntheses, will be even more compatible in the future. Well all in all alkaloids augment which is far from complete shows that many plant alkaloids inhibiter or over stimulate central process at the cellular or organ level. in this completion only a limited of structures have been discussed .In many instance , plants contain mixture of related alkaloids , which only differ for particular substitution patterns well this allelochemical properties are requisite for chemical defense compound in an ecological context? for surviving of plants but also constitute the base for their exploitation in medicine or agriculture, well after all of these dilemma situation we should use medicines by the source of plants in a secure and caution way ??but to many experiments demands through this complicated way.

4. References:????????????????

Alberts, B. D., Lewis, J. Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Watson, J. D. 1993. .Molecular Biology of the Cell.3rd ed . Garland. New York. Habermehi, G. 1983. Gifttiere and ihre Waffen. Springer. Berlin. Harborne, J. B. 1993. introduction to Eclogical Biochemistry.4 th ed. Academy press. san Diego. Luckner, M. 1990 Secondery Metabolism in Microorganism.Plants and Animals .Springer, Berlin. Luckner, M. 1990. Secondary Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants and Animal, Springer, Berlin mann,J..1992, Murder,Magic and Medicine.Oxford University Press. London. Mann, J. 1992. Murder Magic and medicine.Oxfordr University press .London. Mothes, K., Schutte, H. R. and Luckner, M. 1985. Biochemistery of Alkaloides .VCH. Weinheim. Robinson, T. A. 1981. The Biochemistry of alkaloids, Springer. Berlin. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. 1992. Herbivores: Theair Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites vol.Academic Press, San Diego. Teuscher E. and Lindequist, U. 1994. Biogene Gifte. Fischer. Stuttgart. Urk H, Schipper D, Breedveld GJ, Paul RM, Scheffers WA, van Dijken JP (1989) Biochim Biophys Acta 992: 78 Scopes RK (1989) In: van Unden N (ed), Alcohol toxicity in yeast and bacteria, CRC Press Inc, p. 89 Wagner, H. 1993. Pharmazeutische Biologie . 2. Drogen and ihre Inhalisstoffe, Fisher, Stuttgart. Zhou, G.M. 1980. Studies on useful compounds of Bai-Zhi for healing Yin- Hsieh Ping. Chung-Chen-Yau Res. 4: 33. (In Chinese). Zhou, G.M., C.G. Yu, Y.C. Han, and C.T. Mun. 1988. Studies on Bai-Zhi. IV. The toxicity test of useful compounds. Med. J. China Hospital 8: 220-221. (In Chinese).

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The potential behavior of plants alkaloids in animal cells vitality

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